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Language
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Japanese is a
language spoken by over 130 million people in Japan and in Japanese emigrant
communities. It is related to the Japonic-Ryukyuan languages. Its relationships
with other languages remain undemonstrated. It is an agglutinative language and
is distinguished by a complex system of honorifics reflecting the hierarchical
nature of Japanese society, with verb forms and particular vocabulary to
indicate the relative status of the speaker, the listener, and a person
mentioned in conversation (regardless of their presence). The sound inventory of
Japanese is relatively small, and it has a lexically distinct pitch-accent
system. It is a mora-timed language.
The Japanese language is written with a combination of three different types of
scripts: modified Chinese characters called kanji (漢字), and two syllabic scripts
made up of modified Chinese characters, hiragana (平仮名) and katakana (片仮名). The
Latin alphabet, rōmaji (ローマ字), is also often used in modern Japanese, especially
for company names and logos, advertising, and when entering Japanese text into a
computer. Western style Arabic numerals are generally used for numbers, but
traditional Sino-Japanese numerals are also commonplace.
Japanese vocabulary has been heavily influenced by loanwords from other
languages. A vast number of words were borrowed from Chinese, or created from
Chinese models, over a period of at least 1,500 years. Since the late 19th
century, Japanese has borrowed a considerable number of words from Indo-European
languages, primarily English. Because of the special trade relationship between
Japan and first Portugal in the 16th century, and then mainly the Netherlands in
the 17th century, Portuguese and Dutch have also been influential.
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